Translation

English Text: 

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. 

Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.

Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.

Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization. 

The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and fero, the supine form of which is latum, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across"). The modern Romance languages use words for translation derived from that source or from the alternative Latin traduco ("to lead across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except for the Dutch "vertaling", "literally" a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources

The Ancient Greek term for translation, μετάφρασις (metaphrasis, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with metaphrase (a "literal," or "word-for-word," translation) — as contrasted with paraphrase ("a saying in other words", from παράφρασις, paraphrasis).  Metaphrase corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence"; and paraphrase, to "dynamic equivalence.

 (source is taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation) 

 Bahasa Indonesia

Terjemahan adalah interpretasi makna suatu teks dalam suatu bahasa ("teks sumber") dan penghasilan teks yang merupakan padanan dalam bahasa lain ("teks sasaran" atau "terjemahan") yang mengkomunikasikan pesan serupa. Sedangkan sebelumnya penafsiran tidak diragukan dalam hal penulisannya, terjemahan baru dimulai persis setelah munculnya sastra tertulis; terdapat sebagian terjemahan Epos Gilgames, seorang penyair terkenal dari Mesopotamia (sekitar tahun 2000 SM) dalam bahasa Asia Barat Daya pada milenium kedua SM.

Para penerjemah harus mempertimbangkan beberapa batasan, termasuk konteks, aturan tata bahasa, konvensi penulisan, idiom, serta hal lain antar kedua bahasa. Orang yang melakukan terjemahan disebut sebagai penerjemah.

Karena tuntutan dokumentasi bisnis sebagai konsekuensi dari Revolusi Industri yang dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke-18, beberapa spesialisasi penerjemahan telah terformalisasi, dengan sekolah-sekolah khusus dan berbagai asosiasi profesi.

Karena menerjemahkan sangat menguras tenaga, sejak 1940-an para insinyur telah berusaha untuk mengotomatisasi terjemahan (terjemahan mesin) untuk membantu penerjemah manusia secara mekanis (terjemahan dengan bantuan komputer ). Kemunculan internet telah memeriahkan pasar dunia untuk layanan terjemahan dan telah memfasilitasi lokalisasi bahasa. Kajian terjemahan berurusan dengan studi sistematis atas teori, penjelasan dan penerapan penerjemahan.

Kata translation (terjemahan) berasal dari bahasa Latin translatio (yang kata itu sendiri berasal dari trans- dan fero, yang jika digabungkan bermakna “untuk membawa”). Bahasa Romawi modern menggunakan kata untuk translation diturunkan dari bahasa Latin traduco yang bermakna “untuk membimbing”. Bahasa Slovakia dan Jerman menggunakan calques sebagai sumber bahasa Latinnya. 

Istilah translation di Yunani kuno adalah metaphrasis, yang bermakna “menyampaikan”, yang telah menyediakan bahasa Inggris dengan metafrase – pertentangan dari paraphrase, "suatu harafiah," atau " terjemahan  kata demi kata," yang berbeda dengan parafrase  (atau dengan kata lain dari kata παράφρασις adalah paraphrasis). Terjemahan kata demi kata pada satu atau lebih istilah baru, adalah untuk "kesetaraan resmi"; dan parafrase adalah untuk "kesetaraan dinamis”.

(Translated by @oldryronald)

Final examination of Interpreting

Questions: 

1.      What are the requirements of a professional interpreter? 
2.      Why do people need an interpreter? Give an example! 
3.      What must an interpreter do when he or she helps two parties with different languages?

Answers:

1) Interpreting is an activity of translating one language into one or more different languages by oral, for example (Indonesian language into English and or Spanish). This is not an easy job because the person who wants to do it must have some abilities. To be a good or professional interpreter, a person must have some criteria or requirements namely. The person who wants to be a good or professional interpreter must getting into the right institution or department (for example: school or university) which related to his or her major or course which he or she is going to take. After that, he or she also must getting a degree in translation studies, foreign languages, linguistics, comparative literature, or intercultural communication and many more which related to his or her major. The second criterion that must be done by a professional interpreter is that the person also must expand his or her experience. In gaining the experience, an interpreter must be internship with the other office organizations or some free-lance jobs in order to increase his or her ability in translation. The last criteria of becoming a professional interpreter is, an interpreter must be quick and effective, work hard, practice. A professional interpreter must to work fast, and the effectiveness in choosing alternative words which are understood by the audience. “no pain no gain” is a motto for those who want to be succeed, work hard includes the high-spirited of an interpreter whether or not he or she wants to do the best by hardworking and doing some practice of translating over and over again.

2) Language is “meaningful articulated human’s sounds” according to Ferdinand de Saussure. Every nations have their own languages and it is the strong reason why language shapes a nation, for example in Indonesia, there are many languages, some tradition languages which are spoken by many folks in Indonesia such as Java language, Borneo language, Bali language, Moluccas language and many more. But Indonesia only has one language which can unify all the different cultures to be one nation which is unison. By this case, I can conclude that not everyone can clearly understand some other languages all around the world. The causes of it because of the different culture, different domicile and separated by sea or even oceans, it makes “one language” is could not be clearly fathom by the other people. Admittedly, there are several people who can master one or even more languages expertly, but not people have the same ability. This is the reason why a person must need an interpreter in case to deliver the purpose of what is going to convey. For example like I am an Indonesian and I have an opportunity to delivery my speech to Zimbabwe, the place where I’ve never been before, the place where I’ve never imagine to go to, and because of that, the alternative or the ways which should be taken by me is trying to look for an interpreter, someone who is mastering the Zimbabwe’s languages. This way will help me to deliver my intention.

3) There are many obligations which must be done by an interpreter when he or she is helping to two parties in different languages namely; the first is about the “understanding”. An interpreter must get to know better of who is his or her partner by making some discussions in advance. The second is about the “accuracy”, an interpreter must use the words which can be clearly understood by the listeners, and the last is an interpreter has to ask the question if it is needed when delivering the purpose of his or her partner.

Marriage in Pride and Prejudice novel by Jane Austen.

Title: Marriage in Pride and Prejudice novel by Jane Austen.

Thesis Statement: Marriage, for any reasons is important.

Marriage (also called matrimony or wedlock) is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity. When defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. People marry for many reasons, including: legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, and religious. Who they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In many parts of the world, marriages are arranged. This writing is mainly going to explain more about marriage in Pride and Prejudice novel which is written by Jane Austen.

There are four marriages that take place in the novel namely: Mr. Wickham and Miss Lydia Bennet, Mr. Collins and Miss Charlotte Lucas, Mr. Bingley and Miss Jane Bennet, Mr Darcy and Miss Elizabeth Bennet. The reason why marriage is important in those days because if a woman did not find a good husband, she would not have any income and she would be a burden on her family. In the Bennet's case, if Elizabeth and her sisters did not marry well, and their father died, then the entire estate would have been passed to the closest male relation: Mr Collins. The family would have been turned out onto the streets. In this novel, Jane Austen presents several contrasting attitudes to marriage and there are four mainly attitudes to marriage namely: the marriage for money, marriage for the satisfaction of bodily desires, marriage based on the physical look and marriage for love. At first, “marriage for money”, this attitude is presented through Mr. Collins and Charlotte. Both men and women of Austen’s society have internalized the idea that women are financially and socially dependent on men. It is very ridiculous that in such a matter of marriage, he is considering only the “property” not his own prudence whether the Bennet girl is fit for him or the marriage will be a proper one. Lydia’s attitude to marriage is solely based on passion and physical attraction. She elopes with Wickham. It is the basest among the attitudes of the other characters. She is totally controlled by her bodily desire and passion. As in the novel, Lydia and Wickham's marriage gradually disintegrates. Lydia becomes a regular visitor at her two elder sisters’ home and “her husband was gone to enjoy himself in London. Jane Bennet is the eldest Bennet daughter; she is kind, considerate, intelligent, beautiful, good with children, and, apparently, each parent's second favorite. Although she wants to marry Mr. Bennet for love, she realizes that, as the oldest daughter, it is her responsibility to marry well, to secure the future of her younger sisters. Not only does she think that there needs to be attraction on both sides, she accounts for suitable temperaments as well. The relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy in this novel is often cited as one of the greatest love stories of all time because of the obstacles that the two have to overcome in order to be together. When Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, he presumes that she is not in a position to reject him, for his standing in society has made him quite an eligible husband. Alternatively, Elizabeth clearly has a very different thought to him: “You could not make me happy.” Actually it is Elizabeth through which Austen’s on views on marriage are clearly expressed. As Elizabeth believes that the basis for marriage should be happiness and love, not money. She is uncertain of the lasting qualities of passionate love and convinced that it is not a strong enough basis for marriage. It is based on mutual esteem, respect and gratitude, and it arises from a clear sighted understanding of the other’s character. So, she does not care about Collins’s wealth and thinks that their marriage would be a bad one because they are not attracted to each other. From Darcy and Elizabeth’s character we understand that this two people are very different, and their relationships are “rationally founded”, based on “excellent understanding” and “general similarity of feeling and taste.”

            As we have known that marriage, for any reason is importance. Everyone has their own reason for why they have got married. Their reason can be possibly very different among the others.  There are four different marriages in the Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. She explains those marriages in an interesting way. We can see that each marriage contains different story.

            The first marriage which is shown in the novel is between Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas. This marriage is very fascinating because it represents non-ideal marriage. The marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas represents two things, from Mr. Collins’ side and Charlotte’s side. From Charlotte’s side, she accepts Mr. Collins just for financial and social status purposes.

            Those reasons for marrying can also be seen in our environment nowadays. We sometime even often see woman decides to get married with man whom she does not love at all but he has well financial to gain. She is afraid of being hunger and suffer if she does not get enough financial and she can’t satisfy her desires. And also she is afraid if she has not good social status in her society that makes them embarrassed.

            It is important to consider about our financial future, but it is more important to get peaceful and happy life. It is impossible to get peaceful life when we are live together with someone whom we are not love. It is important to be with someone who can share love with us. Because financial is not the only guarantee to get a peaceful life.

            Different from Charlotte’s reasons, Mr. Collins has his own reason. He decides to get married just because of advice from his sponsor Lady Catherine de Bourgh. He does not have good reason for getting married. He is an absurd person. He firstly interests to Jane, but when he knows that Jane will soon engage he move his choice to Elizabeth. And when Elizabeth declines his proposal he chooses Charlotte as there are no other options. The most important thing for him is that he gets married no matter who the girl is. It is very ridiculous because marriage should be based on love and feeling.

            What happen to Mr. Collins gives us lesson which is we should find a right woman that we love to share with then think careful to decide to get married. And the other lesson is from Charlotte which is that financial is important but it is not the main or the only reason.

            The next marriage is between Wickham and Lidya. Their marriage also does not based on love. Wickham is marrying Lidya because he is offered money from Mr. Darcy. Like Charlotte, he also gets married because of money. And Lidya wants to get married because of sexual desire. She is young and has little experiences. She does not have good thought. She just wants to be with the charming man especially he is a military soldier.

            We also can see this kind of marriage nowadays. Many girls are trapped in sexual desire. They can’t control that feeling. It gives us advice that we as a young man must learn how to respect ourselves and to protect us with knowledge and norms that rule the society. Don’t let this sexual desire, especially for us as a young man controls us because we have customs and norms that we must obey.

The other kind of marriage in this novel is the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth. This is the main idea that Jane Austen wanted to share with the readers. Their relationship has passed through struggle of pride versus prejudice, the pride of Darcy and the prejudice of Elizabeth. Love is the only one reason how they developed their relationship compared to the others relations on the novel. They have not married simply for social acceptance, like Charlotte and Collins marriage or for sexual desire, like Lydia and Wickham. They are truly in love with each other. This is something that could never be replaced with other motives of marriage. While pleasure, money, or sexual desire can simply disappear, love lasts forever. Marriage should make both of couple feeling happy and loved, no other purposes including for financial purposes.

Both Darcy and Elizabeth is a union of different aspects of characters. Darcy with his proudness and Elizabeth with her prejudice is a kind of different personal character, but the love has built a bridge between their different characters. People often look for a partner who has the same characteristic with their own. This practice was happened with the marriage of Lydia and Wickham. They had the same purpose of marriage and what happened to their marriage give a proof that sometime same-character marriage does not really create happiness.

While the other relationship does not really have a happy ending, Elizabeth and Darcy marriage which contained with respect and love makes their marriage has a happy ending in the story. Something that cannot be compared with the other purpose of marriage.

In the end of this writing, we take a conclusion that marriage, however in the nineteenth century is just such an option for the women to still survive their lives. But in the other hands, Elizabeth can deny it by portraying the honest characteristic and she chooses to marry the man she loves most is solely based on true love and she is also learn by her mistakes to get a perfect marriage. 

Written by: 

Arlantino  

Oldry Ronald  

Afik Kuncoro

I'm a real Wino

Selamat pagi wahai para pemburu kebahagiaan.
Pagi ini entah masih sedikit mabuk atau setengah sadar, aku ingin sedikit bercerita, tentang secangkir anggur merah. Rasanya nikmat sekali malam mingguan sembari meneguk secawan anggur merah.
Jujur saja, selain saya pecandu kopi sejati saya juga takluk dalam tegukan red wine, yah boleh dikatakan saya juga adalah WINO, yeah I'm real WINO!!
Tentunya ada sebuah kisah tentang red wine ini sendir, sembari satu sloki dibagikan, ada rasa candu disana dan ada berbagai rasa yang berlumuran disana pula, sungguh tak bisa terkatakan!
Namun disini saya ingin berbagi sedikit cerita tentang manfaat red wine itu sendiri, okay here we go!

CEGAH KANKER PROSTAT
Penelitian mengungkapkan alasan kenapa para pria di Eropa Barat lebih jarang terkena kanker prostat ketimbang pria Amerika. Alasan pertama, karena mereka senang makan bawang putih dan bawang merah hingga 10 gram perhari. Alasan kedua adalah pria di Eropa Barat lebih rutin mengkonsumsi red wine. Minuman dari buah anggur merah ini reseveratol, sejenis anti oksidan yang ditemukan juga pada sejumlah tanaman yang ternyata sangat ampuh menghambat pertumbuhan sel sel kanker, termasuk sel kanker prostat. Satu atau dua gelas wine sudah cukup. Bila anda minum terlalu banyak, malah menetralisir manfaatnya.

MEMUTUS MATA RANTAI ALZHEIMER
Banyaknya kegiatan dan banyak pula momen moment yang menjengkelkan, yaitu betapa pikunnya aka pelupa anda, bahkan untuk hal hal kecil. Ternyata fakta dari itu semua adalah meski jumlahnya sangat kecil, ada 5 dari 4 juta penderita alzheimer berusia dibawah 60 tahun. Keadaan yang menyerang pria berusia antara 30-40 tahun ini disebut early-onset alzheimer. Gejalanya tidak beda dengan late onset alzheimer. Faktor resiko terbesar penyakit ini adalah riwayat keluarga.
Jika terdapat kasus alzheimer di keluarga anda, segeralah pergi ke neurolog untuk tes genetik. Apabila anda divonis ternyata memiliki satu dari tiga gen penyebab, konsumsilah ginkgo biloba atau rajin meminum red wine. Sebuah penelitian menyebutkan, orang yang minum red wine minimal sebulan sekali, lebih sedikit terkena alzheimer ketimbang yang tidak minum sama sekali.

MEMPERPANJANG UMUR DENGAN MENYELAMATKAN JANTUNG DAN HATI
Mengkonsumsi red wine secara teratur juga bermanfaat untuk jantung anda, karena akan menurunkan kaadar kolesterol LDL(kolesterol jahat), namun tetap menjaga agar kolesterol HDL(kolesterol yang bermanfaat untuk menyapu plak dalam darah) tetap tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan kandungan fenol dalam wine. Sedangkan para ahli meneliti bahwa mereka yang mengkonsumsi wine (meski cuma sesekali) memiliki resiko untuk mati muda kurang dari 33% ketimbang merekayang tidak pernah minum wine. Pada mereka yang rutin mengkonsumsi wine, maka resiko mati akibat penyakit kanker dan jantung turun dengan signifikan, namun para ahli tidak menyebutkan presentasenya. Para ahli juga menemukan fakta bahwa selain bermanfaat untuk kesehatan jantung, kandungan fenol dalam wine juga menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker payudara dan sel kanker prostat. Sedangkan kandungan reseveratol mampu menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker hati.

MENGHAJAR ORAL HERPES
Red wine sanggup mengahajar oral herpes sebelum penyakit itu muncul. Caranya cukup oleskan red wine pada radang. Terima kasih pada zat yang disebut reseveratol.

MENETRALISIR GIGITAN ULAR
Yang ajaib, red wine mampu menetralisir gigitan ular, tapi sekali lagi perannya hanya membantu bukan sebagai pengobatan utama. Antioksidan tannin dalam red wine konon mampu menetralisir racun akibat gigitan ular.

SALAH SATU CARA MENINGKATKAN PERFORMA KESEHATAN
Manfaat ini diperoleh dari antioksidan Polyphenol yang terdapat dalam red wine. Pola makan yang tinggi lemak dan racun dalam tubuh bisa dikurangi dengan mengkonsumsi sayuran dan buah buahan yang kaya akan polyphenol, salah satunya adalah red wine.

Dan yang paling penting adalah red wine juga dapat MENGHILANGKAN STRESS, MENAMBAH RELAKS, MEMANCING MUNCULNYA IDE IDE KREATIF.